Fenomena Alam

1. Ice Circles

Lingkaran es fenomena yang sangat jarang sekali terjadi di air yang bersuhu dingin. lingkaran-lingkaran es besar ini dapat ditemui di skandinavia dan Amerika utara.

2. Red Tides

Sebuah fenomena alam yang terjadi karena berkumpulnya mikroorganisme di pesisir tempat bergabungnya air dari muara, laut atau air sungai dan membuat air menjadi berwarna ungu dan merah.

3. Columnar Basalt

Formasi bebatuan yang terbentuk dikarenakan lava dari letusan gunung yang mendingin. Basalt yang terkenal di dunia terletak di Giant’s Causeway di Irlandia Utara.

8. Sun Dogs

Fenomena dimana matahari terlihat berjumlah 3 buah.

5. Moeraki Boulders

Batu-batu berbentuk bulat yang berada di tepi pantai, terbentuk karena deburan ombak, yang terkenal berada di Pantai Koekohe.

6. Penitentes

Fenomena alam yang hanya terjadi di tempat antara Chili dan Argentina, yaitu salju di permukaan yang tinggi dan runcing karena tiupan angin yang kuat di pegunungan andes.

7. Light Pillars

Fenomena visual yang tercipta krn pantulan cahaya.

8. Catatumbo Lightning

Orang Venezuela menamakan petir misterius itu Relampago del Catatumbo atau petir Catatumbo. Lokasi terjadinya petir ini di mulut sungai Catatumbo di danau maracaribo, Venezuela.

Kilat ini menyambar hebat dengan tinggi 5 km. Terjadi 140 bahkan sampai 160 kali di malam hari dalam 1 tahun. Setiap malamnya terjadi sambaran selama 10 Jam. Tiap jam terjadi sebanyak 280 kali sambaran.

Jadi dalam setahun kurang lebih 448.000 kali sambaran. Petir ini terjadi karena tumbukkan angin kencang yang berasal dari Pegunungan Andes. Konon, petir ini adalah pembentuk lapisan ozon yang paling besar di bumi

9. Cave of the Crystals

Gua yang berisi crystal terletak di situs pertambangan di Chihuahua, Meksiko.

Youth Pledge

Youth pledge oath is authentic evidence that on 28 October 1928 the Indonesian nation was born, therefore it should have all the Indonesian people commemorate the momentum of 28 October as a day of birth of the Indonesian nation, the birth of the Indonesian nation is the fruit of the struggle of people oppressed for hundreds of years under the rule colonialists at the time, this is the condition of oppression which then encourage the youth at that time to resolve to appoint Harkat and Dignity of People Living Indonesian Original, determination that is the commitment of the Indonesian people struggle to successfully achieve its independence 17 years later ie on August 17, 1945 .

The formulation of the Youth Pledge was written Moehammad Yamin on a paper when Mr. Sunario, as a messenger of scouting the middle of a speech at the last session of Congress. Oath was originally read by Soegondo and then explained at length by Yamin.

Youth Pledge original version

First
We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, one who confesses blood bertoempah, Indonesian soil.
Kedoea
We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, who confesses one nation, the Indonesian nation.
Third
We the sons and daughters of Indonesia, mendjoendjoeng language of unity, the Indonesian language.

Youth Pledge Modified version of Spelling Yang:

First
Our sons and daughters of Indonesia, admitted that one bertumpah blood, the homeland of Indonesia.
Second
Our sons and daughters of Indonesia, admitted that one nation, the Indonesian nation.
Third
Our sons and daughters of Indonesia, uphold the national language, Indonesian.

Indonesian Youth Congress
The main article for this section are: Youth Congress
Second Congress of Indonesian Youth

The idea of organizing the Second Youth Congress comes from the Student Association of Indonesian Students (GN), a youth organization which membered students from all over Indonesia. On the initiative GN, congresses held in three different buildings and divided in three meetings.

The first meeting, Saturday, October 27, 1928, in Building Katholieke Jongenlingen Bond (KJB), Waterlooplein (Banteng Square now.) In his speech, chairman GN Sugondo Djojopuspito hope the conference will strengthen the spirit of unity in the hearts of youth. The event was followed by a description Moehammad Yamin on the meaning and relationship of unity with youth. According to him, there are five factors that can strengthen the unity of Indonesia, namely the history, languages, customary law, education, and willingness

The second meeting, Sunday, October 28, 1928, in Oost-Java Bioscoop Building, to discuss education issues. Second speaker, Poernomowoelan and Sarmidi Mangoensarkoro, argued that children should receive education nationality, must also be a balance between education at school and at home. Children also should be educated in a democratic manner.

At the closing meeting, on Clubgebouw Indonesische building on Jalan Raya Kramat 106, Sunario explain the importance of nationalism and democracy in addition to scouting movement. While Ramelan argues, the scouting movement can not be separated from the national movement. Scouting movement since the early to educate children and self-discipline, the things that are needed in the struggle.

Before the congress closed played the song "Indonesia Raya" by Wage Rudolf Supratman who played with the violin without poetry, on the advice Sugondo to Supratman. The song was greeted with a very lively by Congress participants. Congress was closed by announcing the formulation of the congress. By the youth in attendance, it is pronounced as an oath formula Faithful.
Participants

Second Youth Congress participants come from various representatives of youth organizations that exist at the time, such as Jong Java, Jong Ambon, Jong Celebes, Jong Batak, Jong Sumatranen Bond, Bond Islamieten Jong, Sekar Pillars, GN, Youth The Betawi, etc.. Among them there were also some Chinese youth as an observer, namely Oey Kay Siang, John Lauw Tjoan Hok and Tjio Djien Kwie but until now unknown background organization that sent them. Meanwhile, Thiam Kwee Hiong was present as a representative of the Jong Sumatranen Bond. Initiated by the AR Baswedan arab descent youth in Indonesia, held a congress in Semarang and extol the Youth Pledge of Arab descent.


Building
The main article for this section are: the Museum Youth Pledge

Building on Jalan Raya Kramat 106, recited the Pledge of Youth, is a lodging house for students and students belonging Sie Liong Kok

Building 106 was renovated Kramat Jakarta Government 3 April to 20 May 1973 and inaugurated Governor of DKI Jakarta, Ali Sadikin, on May 20, 1973 as a Youth Pledge Building. This building was re-inaugurated by President Soeharto on May 20, 1974. In the course of history, never managed the Youth Pledge Building Jakarta Government, and is currently managed by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.

All About Bukittinggi

History

Fort de Kock in 1826

The city has its origins in five villages which served as the basis for a marketplace
The city was known as Fort de Kock during colonial times in reference to the Dutch outpost established here in 1825 during the Padri War. The fort was founded by Captain Bauer at the top of Jirek hill and later named after the then Lieutenant Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Hendrik Merkus de Kock. The first road connecting the region with the west coast was built between 1833 and 1841 via the Anai Gorge, easing troop movements, cutting the costs of transportation and providing an economic stimulus for the agricultural economy. In 1856 a teacher-training college (Kweekschool) was founded in the city, the first in Sumatra, as part of a policy to provide educational opportunities to the indigenous population. A rail line connecting the city with Payakumbuh and Padang was constructed between 1891 and 1894
During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in World War II, the city was the headquarters for the Japanese 25th Army, the force which occupied Sumatra. The headquarters was moved to the city in April 1943 from Singapore, and remained until the Japanese surrender in August 1945

Mosque in central Bukittinggi

During the Indonesian National Revolution, the city was the headquarters for the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) from December 19, 1948 to July 13, 1949. During the second 'Police Action' Dutch forces invaded and occupied the city on December 22, 1948, having earlier bombed it in preparation. The city was surrendered to Republican officials in December 1949 after the Dutch government recognized Indonesian sovereignty.
The city was officially renamed Bukittinggi in 1949, replacing its colonial name. From 1950 until 1957, Bukittinggi was the capital city of a province called Central Sumatra, which encompassed West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi. In February 1958, during a revolt in Sumatra against the Indonesian government, rebels proclaimed the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) in Bukittinggi. The Indonesian government had recaptured the town by May the same year.
A group of Muslim men had planned to bomb a cafe in the city frequented by foreign tourists in October 2007, but the plot was aborted due to the risk of killing Muslim individuals in the vicinity. Since 2008 the city administration has banned Valentine's Day and New Year's celebrations as they consider them not in line with Minangkabau traditions or Islam, and can lead to "immoral acts" such as young couples hugging and kissing.

Administration

Bukittinggi is divided in 3 subdistricts (kecamatan), which are further divided into 5 villages (nagari) and 24 kelurahan. The subdistricts are:

Guguk Panjang, Mandiangin Koto Selayan, and Aur Birugo Tigo Baleh.

Transportation

Bukittinggi is connected to Padang by road, though a dysfunctional railway line also exists. For inner-city transport, Bukittinggi employs a public transportation system known as Mersi (Merapi Singgalang) and IKABE that connect locations within the city. The city also still preserves the traditional horse-cart widely known in the area as Bendi, although the use is limited and more popular to be used as vehicle for tourist, both domestic and foreign.

Tourism

It is a city popular with tourists due to the climate and central location. Attractions within the city include:

Sianok Canyon

• Ngarai Sianok (Sianok Canyon)
• Lobang Jepang (Japanese Caves) - a network of underground bunkers & tunnels built by the Japanese during World War II
• Jam Gadang - a large clock tower built by the Dutch in 1926.
• Pasar Atas and Pasar Bawah - traditional markets in downtown.
• Taman Bundo Kanduang park. The park includes a replica Rumah Gadang (literally: big house, with the distinctive Minangkabau roof architecture) used as a museum of Minangkabau culture, and a zoo. The Dutch hilltop outpost Fort de Kock is connected to the zoo by the Limpapeh pedestrian overpass.
• Museum Rumah Kelahiran Bung Hatta (Museum of Bung Hatta Birthplace) - the house where Indonesian founding father Mohammad Hatta was born, now a museum.

Topology Jaringan

Topologi jaringan adalah bagian yang menjelaskan hubungan antar komputer yang di bangun berdasarkan kegunaan, keterbatasan resource dan keterbatasan biaya, berarti topologi-topologi jaringan yang ada bisa disesuaikan dengan keadaan di lapangan.

Topologi jaringan ada beberapa bentuk sebagai berikut:

1. Topologi Bus

Topologi ini adalah topologi yang awal di gunakan untuk menghubungkan komputer. Dalam topologi ini masing masing komputer akan terhubung ke satu kabel panjang dengan beberapa terminal, dan pada akhir dari kable harus di akhiri dengan satu terminator. Topologi ini sudah sangat jarang digunakan didalam membangun jaringan komputer biasa karena memiliki beberapa kekurangan diantaranya kemungkinan terjadi nya tabrakan aliran data, jika salah satu perangkat putus atau terjadi kerusakan pada satu bagian komputer maka jaringan langsung tidak akan berfungsi sebelum kerusakan tersebut di atasi.

Topologi ini awalnya menggunakan kable Coaxial sebagai media pengantar data dan informasi. Tapi pada saat ini topologi ini di dalam membangun jaringan komputer dengan menggunakan kabal serat optik ( fiber optic) akan tetapi digabungkan dengan topologi jaringan yang lain untuk memaksimalkan performanya.

2. Topologi Cincin

Topologi cincin atay yang sering disebut dengan ring topologi adalah topologi jaringan dimana setiap komputer yang terhubung membuat lingkaran. Dengan artian setiap komputer yang terhubung kedalam satu jaringan saling terkoneksi ke dua komputer lainnya sehingga membentuk satu jaringan yang sama dengan bentuk cincin.

Adapun kelebihan dari topologi ini adalah kabel yang digunakan bisa lebih dihemat. Tetapi kekurangan dari topologi ini adalah pengembangan jaringan akan menjadi susah karena setiap komputer akan saling terhubung.

3. Topologi Token Ring

Topologi ini hampir sama dengan topologi ring akan tetapi pembuatannya lebih di sempurnakan. Bisa di lihat dari perbedaan gambar.

Didalam gambar jelas terlihat bagaimana pada token ring kable penghubung di buat menjadi lingkaran terlebih dahulu dan nantinya akan di buatkan terminal-terminal untuk masing-masing komputer dan perangkat lain.

4. Topologi Bintang

Topologi bintang atau yang lebih sering disebut dengan topologi star. Pada topologi ini kita sudah menggunakan bantuan alat lain untuk mengkoneksikan jaringan komputer. Contoh alat yang di pakai disini adalah hub, switch, dll.

Pada gambar jelas terlihat satu hub berfungsi sebagai pusat penghubung komputer-komputer yang saling berhubungan. Keuntungan dari topologi ini sangat banyak sekali diantaranya memudahkan admin dalam mengelola jaringan, memudahkan dalam penambahan komputer atau terminal, kemudahan mendeteksi kerusakan dan kesalahan pada jaringan. Tetapi dengan banyak nya kelebihan bukan dengan artian topologi ini tanpa kekurangan. Kekurangannya diantaranya pemborosan terhadap kabel, kontrol yang terpusat pada hub terkadang jadi permasalahan kritis kalau seandainya terjadi kerusakan pada hub maka semua jaringan tidak akan bisa di gunakan.

5. Topologi Pohon atau Topologi Hirarki

Topologi pohon atau di sebut juga topologi hirarki dan bisa juga disebut topologi bertingkat merupakan topologi yang bisa di gunakan pada jaringan di dalam ruangan kantor yang bertingkat.

Pada gambar bisa kita lihat hubungan antar satu komputer dengan komputer lain merupakan percabangan dengan hirarki yang jelas.sentral pusat atau yang berada pada bagian paling atas merupakan sentral yang aktiv sedangkan sentral yang ada di bawahnya adalah sentral yang pasif.